The War of 1812

美国独立后，在发展上经常受到英国的限制，尤其是 the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 一役，英国击败拿破仑的舰队后成为海上强国，美国的船只常受到英国的干扰。对于这些事，美国早已怀恨在心，他们相信攻打加拿大是比较容易的，于是趁着英国忙于欧洲战事时，对加拿大发动攻击，当时加拿大只有 Canadian volunteers, First Nation 以及在加拿大英国的士兵一起抵抗美军，英国直到滑铁卢战役击败拿破仑后才将兵力移往加拿大。

战事延烧多处，包括大西洋、大湖地区和加拿大边境、美国海岸、及美国南部州。大事包括美国烧毁英国会大楼 The Americans burned Government House and the Parliament Buildings in York (now Toronto)，而英国烧毁美国白宫以示报复(In retaliation in 1814, the British burned down the White House and other public buildings in Washington, D.C)。

战争最后是在签属合约 the Treaty of Ghent 后停战，现今的美加边界有部分是战争留下的结果，而它最重要的意义：The present-day Canada-U.S. border is partly and outcome of the War of 1812, which ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States.（非记不可！）

Rebellions of 1837-38

美国独立战争(American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) or the American War of Independence)及 The War of 1812 后，独立和民主的观念也冲击着加拿大，事实上在 the Beginnings of Democracy 这一段已见端倪，有人觉得民主的脚步太慢，甚至建议学习或加入美国。1837-1838 叛乱者因不成气候而逃亡或被绞死，但也引起英国方面的注意，在 Lord Durham 调查叛乱的报告中建议 Upper and Lower Canada be merged and given responsible government.

在 Responsible Government 中有四个重点：
1. In 1840, Upper and Lower Canada were united as the Province of Canada.
2. The first British North American colony to attain full responsible government was Nova Scotia in 1847-48.
3. This (Responsible Government) is the system that we have today: if the government loses a confidence vote in the assembly it must resign.
4. La Fontaine, a champion of democracy and French language rights, became the first leader of a responsible government in the Canadas.@

责任编辑：林秀璟